Thermal-Hydraulics

  Nuclear Technology

 

Welcome to the National Atomic Museum

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Nuclear Related Links

How Does a Nuclear Power Plant Work?

In most electric power plants, water is heated and converted into steam, which drives a turbine-generator to produce electricity. Fossil-fueled power plants produce heat by burning coal, oil, or natural gas. In a nuclear power plant, the fission of Uranium atoms in the reactor provides the heat to produce steam for generating electricity.


Several commercial reactor designs are currently in use in the United States. The most widely used design consists of a heavy steel pressure vessel surrounding a reactor core. The reactor core contains the Uranium fuel. The fuel is formed into cylindrical ceramic pellets about one-half inch in diameter, which are sealed in long metal tubes called fuel tubes. The pins are arranged in groups to make a fuel assembly. A group of fuel assemblies forms the core of the reactor.

 

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The Virtual Nuclear Tourist

 

This site was created to fill a gap that existed in the types of information available regarding nuclear power plants. Also it was obvious that only very few people will ever have the opportunity to visit a nuclear power plant, training center, or simulator. A set of photographs was taken at a number of power plants and are displayed here.  This is an excellent site.

 

 

The Virtual Nuclear Tourist ! Nuclear Power Plants Around the World

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Nuclear Power Plants

Technology Comparisons 
bulletComparisons-Energy Sources
bulletThe Cases For - Against Nuclear Power
bulletEnvironmental Effects
bulletMethods of Generating Energy
bulletCoal
bulletNuclear
bulletOverview graphics
bulletCoal
bulletNuclear)
bulletAtmospheric Pollutants
bulletCost comparison
bulletCurrent Hot Topics
bulletPrivate Spent Fuel Storage
bulletRussian Enriched Fuel
bulletEffects of Low Levels of Radiation
bulletTransportation of Nuclear Waste
bulletDecommissioning of Nuclear Plants
bulletSteam Generator Tube Rupture @ Indian Point
bulletQuestions/Answers

 

Most commercial nuclear reactors use ordinary water to remove the heat created by the fission process. These are called light water reactors (LWRs).  In the United States, two different light-water reactor designs are currently in use, the Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) and the Boiling Water Reactor (BWR).

Diagram of a pressurized water reactor (PWR)

Diagram of a PWR

Diagram of a boiling water reactor (BWR)

Diagram of a BWR

 

 

Reports from Penn State 

 

Alliance for Energy and Economic Growth
The Alliance provides strategic direction and advocacy support for adoption and implementation of a market-based national energy policy that uses all forms of energy to meet consumer demand for reliable energy at reasonable prices, while at the same time ensuring the quality of the environment. Such a policy would provide solutions to the challenges of maximizing proven as well as diverse energy supplies and infrastructure, encouraging technological advancement, and improving energy efficiency and conservation.

American College of Nuclear Physicians
ACNP is a trade association that works to enhance the practice of nuclear medicine through the study, education, and improvement of clinical practice. Its goal is to assure an environment that encourages and makes practicable the safe, appropriate use of nuclear medicine procedures to improve the quality of health care service available to patients.

American Nuclear Society (ANS)
ANS is a not-for-profit international scientific and educational organization in the fields of nuclear science and technology. Its membership consists of engineers, scientists, administrators and educators from corporations, educational institutions and government agencies. Its objectives are to promote the advancement of science and engineering relating to nuclear energy; to aid in the integration of, and encourage research in, nuclear science and technology disciplines; to disseminate nuclear science information through publications and meetings; and to cooperate with government agencies, educational institutions, and other organizations involved in nuclear technologies.

Edison Electric Institute (EEI)
EEI is the association of U.S. shareholder-owned electric companies, international affiliates and industry associates worldwide. U.S. members generate approximately three-quarters of all the electricity generated by electric companies in the country and service about 70 percent of all ultimate customers in the nation. EEI's mission focuses on advocating public policy; expanding market opportunities; and providing strategic business information.

EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute)
EPRI is a nonprofit organization providing science and technology-based solutions to more than 1,000 global energy companies, organizations, and government entities in 40 countries. EPRI manages a broad program of scientific research, technology development, and product implementation. Among other services, EPRI is engaged in strategic research; public-benefit research; business critical technology; proprietary R&D; applications, training, and technical consulting; and off-the-shelf hardware, software, and information products. EPRI was originally established in 1973 as the Electric Power Research Institute, a nonprofit research consortium for the benefit of utility members, their customers, and society.

European Nuclear Society (ENS)
ENS is a federation of 27 nuclear societies from 26 countries that promotes the advancement of science and engineering for the peaceful use of nuclear energy. ENS coordinates activities of member organizations; encourages the exchange of scientists and engineers between different countries; disseminates information to the nuclear community, decision-makers, and the public; sponsors meetings and fosters education and training; and cooperates with international governmental and other organizations.

FORATOM
FORATOM, the association of European Atomic Fora, represents the nuclear industry in 13 countries before the European Union and promotes the peaceful use of atomic energy. Foratom participates in policy discussions before the European Parliament and the European Commission; provides information to European institutions, the media, and the public; and serves as a technical and economic advisor to international organizations, providing industry expertise.

Health Physics Society (HPS)
HPS is a scientific and professional organization whose members specialize in occupational and environmental radiation safety. Society activities include encouraging research in radiation science, developing standards, disseminating radiation safety information, and promoting education opportunities and scientific information exchange.

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
IAEA, a United Nations agency, serves as the world's central inter-governmental forum for scientific and technical cooperation in the nuclear field and as the international inspectorate for the application of nuclear safeguards and verification measures covering nuclear programs. A wide range of products, services, and programs incorporate the cooperative efforts and interests of IAEA's 130 member countries. See especially the Power Reactor Information System for detailed information about nuclear power plants around the world.

International Food Information Council
IFIC’s purpose is to bridge the gap between science and communication by collecting and disseminating scientific information on food safety, nutrition, and health. IFIC works with an extensive roster of scientific experts to help translate research into understandable and useful information for opinion leaders and consumers. See especially the Food Irradiation and New Technologies area.

International Nuclear Forum
The International Nuclear Forum is an alliance of the world’s leading nuclear associations, sharing a common interest in the development and application of nuclear technology for peaceful purposes. They promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy as a means of supplying the world's growing energy demand while minimizing environmental risks. Members are Canadian Nuclear Association, Japan Atomic Industrial Forum, Nuclear Energy Institute, European Nuclear Society, Uranium Institute, and FORATOM. See the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Calculator.

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP)
NCRP seeks to formulate and widely disseminate information, guidance, and recommendations on radiation protection and measurements that represent the consensus of leading scientific thinking.

National Food Processors Association
NFPA is the scientific and technical trade association for the food industry, focusing on food safety, processing, health and nutrition issues in its member programs, communications, and public policy activities. NFPA provides the Safefood Consumers Web site, where can be found the Food Irradiation fact sheet and the Food Irradiation: A Safe Measure online brochure.

National Mining Association
The trade association for the U.S. mining industry, NMA promotes the production and use of mineral resources, serves as an information resource on mining, and advocates policies and procedures that balance economic, political, and environmental concerns.

Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA)
The NEA is a semi-autonomous body within the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). NEA's objective is to contribute to the development of nuclear energy as a safe, environmentally-acceptable and economical energy source through cooperation among its participating countries. Currently, NEA membership consists of 27 countries from Europe, America, and Australasia, representing 85 percent of the world's installed nuclear capacity. NEA serves as a forum to provide authoritative assessments and forge common understandings on scientific, technological, and legal issues regarding the peaceful use of nuclear energy.

Private Fuel Storage, LLC (PFS)
PFS is a consortium of electric power companies that has applied to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission for a license to build a temporary used nuclear fuel storage facility on the Skull Valley Goshute Reservation in Tooele County, Utah.

Society of Nuclear Medicine
SNM is an international scientific and professional organization that promotes the science, technology, and practical application of nuclear medicine through publications, workshops, educational programs, and advocacy. See especially the list of Links related to nuclear medicine.

Sustainable Development Nuclear FAQs
In the context of a discussion on the sustainable development of human material progress, John McCarthy, Professor of Computer Science at Stanford University, developed an extensive Web page that examines the science, politics, public policy, and philosophy of nuclear energy.

Thomas: U.S. Congress on the Internet
Thomas provides information on legislation before Congress and Congressional Committee activity as well as access to the Congressional Record.

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
The objective of UNFCCC is to achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous man-made inteference with the climate system. See especially the Library.

U.S. Advisory Committee on Nuclear Waste (ACNW)
The ACNW was established by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission in 1988 to provide the NRC with independent reviews of, and advice on, nuclear waste facilities, including those for disposal of high-level radioactive waste in geologic repositories and land disposal of radioactive waste as well as other related regulations and legislation.

U.S. Board on Radioactive Waste Management (BRWM)
Established in 1958, the BRWM is principally concerned with the safe and responsible management of radioactive wastes, including spent fuel, high level waste from reprocessing, transuranic waste, low-level waste, mixed waste, and naturally occurring radioactive materials. The BRWM is part of the National Research Council, one of the National Academies created by Congress to provide advice on science, health, and technical issues.

U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
The DOE is a science and technology government agency whose research supports energy security, national security, and environmental quality in the United States.

Israel Special Weapons - Fed. of American Scientists
Learn about Israel's nuclear arsenal and get an overview of its missile technology and command and control systems. Link to related resources.  

 

Institute for Energy Technology
Independent foundation in Norway is a center for nuclear and energy technology research. Browse research projects and job opportunities.

 

MSN Encarta - International Atomic Energy Agency

Organization founded in 1957 devotes its resources to developing nuclear agency and technology throughout the world. Supplies links.

 

IAEA - Department of Nuclear Applications
IAEA department promotes research into agricultural and industrial uses of nuclear technology. Find details about its research contract program.

 

Iraqi Acquisition of Nuclear Knowledge - ISIS
Institute for Science and International Security discusses Iraq's ongoing efforts to acquire knowledge of nuclear technologies from the US.

 

Clinton Pledges to Share Nuclear Defense Technology
Clinton vows to share technology with "civilized nations."

 

The Canadian Nuclear FAQ
This site examines the technology, economics and environmental issues of Canada's nuclear energy industry. The site includes a discussion and information about the Canada Deuterium Uranium (CANDU) reactor technology.

 

Nuclear Energy, Science,Technology
Affiliate of the Department of Energy, featuring fact sheets. university programs, and technology partnerships.

 

Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology
Organization based in Poland provides information about the peaceful uses of nuclear technology. Browse the the library and database.

General Atomics
Resource for nuclear technology and high-tech system development posts company news, employment opportunities, and product details.

Franck, James - The Franck Report
Presents a copy of the 1945 report concerning the ramifications of the development of nuclear technology. Franck chaired the commission.

 

Nuclear Physics - Past, Present & Future
Discover the physics behind nuclear technology, the facts and implications of nuclear war and the benefits of nuclear energy.

 

UIC - Nuclear Fuel Cycle
Explains Australia's role in supplying uranium for nuclear power generation. Provides photos of the relevant technology.

 

India's Search for Nuclear Capability - BBC News
BBC provides an overview of modern nuclear weapons technology and chronicles India's evolution into a nuclear world power.

 

Risking the World: Nuclear Proliferation in Space
Deployment of nuclear technology in the Saturn-bound Cassini probe is addressed in this online version of a Covert Action Quarterly article. Nuclear physicists comment on the environmental and health dangers and deaths that could result from an accident.

Frequently Ask Qestions About Nuclear Energy
Created by a Stanford University scientist, this page compiles commentary, statistics and links to answer common questions about the subject of nuclear technology.

ABB Atom
Basic information on nuclear technology by ABB Atom, a Swedish company that develops nuclear power plants.

 

 

U.S. DOE Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory
Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory is a U.S. DOE laboratory operated by private contractors working under the direction of the DOE's Idaho Operations Office. The Laboratory's research focuses on environmental quality, energy resources, national security, and science. Emphases include the next-generation nuclear power reactors, nuclear materials, and radioactive waste cleanup.

 

U.S. DOE International Safety Center (INSC)
The INSC, which operates under the guidance of the Director of International Nuclear Safety and Cooperation in the U.S. Department of Energy, has the mission of improving nuclear power reactor safety worldwide. The INSC is dedicated to the goals of developing enhanced nuclear safety technology and promoting the open exchange of nuclear safety information among nations. The INSC sponsors scientific research activities as collaborations between the United States and its international partners, who have also established safety centers in their countries. INSC activities are currently focused on Soviet-designed nuclear power plants in Russia and Eastern Europe. See especially the site section Nuclear Reactor Maps: The World.

U.S. DOE Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is a U.S. DOE national laboratory operated by the University of California. Its mission is to apply science and technology in the national interest for national security, with a focus on global security, global ecology, and bioscience. Laboratory employees are working with industrial and academic partners to increase national economic competitiveness and improve science education. The laboratory conducts research in advanced defense technologies, energy, environment, biosciences, and basic sciences.

U.S. DOE Office of Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology
DOE’s Office of Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology conducts the U.S. government’s Nuclear Energy Program and represents the core of its expertise in nuclear engineering and technology. The Office’s programs include nuclear power research and development, space power systems, isotope production and distribution, facilities management, and science education.

U.S. DOE Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Through its Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, DOE manages a comprehensive collaborative effort to improve nuclear safety at Soviet-designed nuclear power plants in nine partnering countries. In addition to these nine host countries, the G-7 nations and many international organizations collaborate on this effort. This Web site provides extensive information on reactors in Russia and Central Europe.

U.S. DOE Sandia National Laboratories
Sandia is a national security laboratory operated for the U.S. DOE by the Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Co., that provides engineering solutions to meet national needs in energy security, nuclear weapons and defense systems, and environmental integrity. Sandia designs all non-nuclear components for the nation's nuclear weapons, performs a variety of energy research and development projects, and works on assignments that respond to national security threats, both military and economic. Sandia forms partnerships with appropriate U.S. industry and government groups to collaborate on emerging technologies. In the 1970s and 1980s, engineers and scientists at Sandia conducted tests on used nuclear fuel containers, subjecting them to actual accidents to see what would happen in real-world conditions.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
The mission of the EPA is to protect human health and to safeguard the natural environment, air, water, and land, upon which life depends. See the radiation dose calculator, What Is Your Annual Radiation Dose?

U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
FEMA is an independent agency of the United States government whose mission is to reduce loss of life and property and protect the nation’s critical infrastructure from all types of hazards through a comprehensive, risk-based, emergency management program of mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery.

U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
FERC is an independent regulatory agency within DOE that regulates in interstate commerce the transmission and sale for resale of natural gas, the transmission of oil by pipeline, and the transmission and wholesale sales of electricity. FERC also licenses and inspects private, municipal, and state hydroelectric projects and oversees related environmental matters.

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
The NRC is the independent government agency that ensures protection of the public health and safety, the common defense and security, and the environment in the use of nuclear materials in the United States.

U.S. Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board (NWTRB)
The NWTRB, an independent agency of the U.S. government, provides independent scientific and technical oversight of the U.S. program for management and disposal of high-level radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel from civilian nuclear power plants.

U.S. Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management (OCRWM)
The OCRWM was established within the U.S. Department of Energy by the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 to develop and manage a Federal system for disposing of all spent nuclear fuel from commercial nuclear reactors and high-level radioactive waste resulting from atomic energy defense activities. See especially The Yucca Mountain Project.

Uranium Information Center
UIC provides information on all aspects of the mining and processing of uranium, the nuclear fuel cycle, and the role of nuclear energy in helping to meet world electricity demand. Based in Australia, UIC produces publications and maintains an extensive reference library.

Uranium Institute
UI is an international, non-governmental organization focusing on the whole nuclear fuel cycle in meetings, publications, nuclear fuel market reports, and communications programs. UI’s worldwide membership consists of those involved in all stages of nuclear generated electricity. UI promotes the peaceful use of nuclear energy as a means of supplying the world’s growing energy demand while minimizing environmental risks.

The Virtual Nuclear Tourist
This Web site developed by Joseph Gonyeau, a nuclear professional with over 20 years of experience in the industry, contains extensive information and many illustrations on the use of nuclear energy to generate electric power.

Women in Nuclear
WIN is a worldwide association of women working professionally in the fields of nuclear energy and the applications of radiation. WIN’s goal is to objectively inform the public about nuclear energy and radiation.

World Energy Council / Conseil Mondial de l'Energie (WEC)
WEC is a global multi-energy organization active in about 100 countries with membership representing 92 percent of world energy consumption. Its mission is to promote the sustainable supply and use of all forms of energy for the greatest benefit of all. Through studies and conferences, committees and companies share information, collaborate on new technologies, and offer reliable policy or strategy recommendations. This work is published and discussed to assist decision-makers in business and government.

World Federation on Nuclear Medicine and Biology
WFNMB promotes the development of nuclear medicine and biology by promoting cooperation among various associations in the field throughout the world. WFNMB establishes technical standards and a uniform program of teaching and training as well as facilitating the exchange of scientific information through publications and conferences.

The World Nuclear Transport Institute
WNTI is dedicated to the safe, efficient and reliable transport of radioactive materials by sea, land, and air through the elaboration and application of appropriate national and international standards, regulations, guidelines, and procedures. WNTI consults with governmental and non-governmental bodies to support the establishment of balanced international standards, regulations, guidelines, and procedures through the preparation of position papers, briefs and other communications. WNTI provides a forum for the exchange of views on radioactive materials transport and may support research, development, and testing systems and components for the transport of radioactive materials.

 

U.S. DOE Argonne National Laboratory
Argonne National Laboratory is one of the U.S. Department of Energy's largest research centers and the nation’s first national laboratory, chartered in 1946. In basic science, experimental and theoretical work is conducted in materials science, physics, and high-energy physics, among other areas. Among the energy resources programs is work to improve the safety and longevity of American and Soviet-designed nuclear reactors. Environmental management programs include hazardous waste site analysis and electrometallurgical treatment to prepare used nuclear fuel for disposal. Scientific facilities include the Advanced Photon Source, Intense Pulsed Neutron Source, and Argonne Tandem Linear Accelerator System. NEI's Source Book on Soviet-Designed Reactors can be found there.

U.S. DOE Energy Information Administration
A statistical agency of the U.S. Department of Energy, EIA provides policy-independent data, forcasts, and analyses to promote sound policymaking, efficient markets, and understanding of energy and its interaction with the economy and the environment.

 

 

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